1. R&Dãšã¯:åºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µ
1.1 R&Dã®å®çŸ©
R&Dãšã¯ããResearch and Developmentãã®ç¥èªã§ãæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãç 究éçºããæå³ããŸããããã¯ãæ°ãã補åããµãŒãã¹ããŸãã¯ããããæ¹åããããã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ãæè¡ã®ç 究ããããŠå®çšåãæããŸãã
æè¡é²æ©ãç§åŠçãªé²æ©ãæšé²ããæ¥çžŸåäžãä¿é²ããããã®äž»èŠãªååãšãã°ãã°èŠãªãããŠããŸããå éšã®ç 究éšéãå€éšã®ç 究æ©é¢ãšååãã圢ã§è¡ãããããšãäžè¬çã§ãã
ç 究éçºã¯ããŸããäŒæ¥ã競äºäžã®åªäœæ§ãç¶æããåžå Žã®ããŒãºã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŸãã
1.2 R&Dã®ç®ç
R&Dã®äž»èŠãªç®çã¯æ°è£œåã®éçºãæ¢å補åã®æ¹åããããŠçç£ããã»ã¹ã®æé©åã§ãã
ãããã®ç®çã¯ãäŒæ¥ãããŒã±ããããŒãºã«å¯Ÿå¿ããåžå Žã®å€åãåŒãèµ·ããæ°è£œåãçã¿åºããçç£å¹çãåäžãããããšã§å®çŸããŸãã
ãã®ãããªåªåã¯æçµçã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®ç«¶äºåãé«ããåçãå¢å ãããæç¶å¯èœãªæé·ãæ¯æŽããŸãã
1.3 R&Dã®éèŠæ§
R&Dã¯ãäŒæ¥ãé©æ°çã§ç«¶äºåã®ãã補åãéçºããåžå Žã§ãªãŒããŒã·ãããç¶æããããã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªæŽ»åã§ãã
å ·äœçã«ã¯ãR&Dã¯è£œåã©ã€ããµã€ã¯ã«ã延ã°ããæ°è£œåãšãµãŒãã¹ãéæãã䟡å€æäŸãéããŠé¡§å®¢ã®é¢äžãä¿é²ãã匷åãªæ段ãäŒæ¥ã«æäŸããŸãã
ããã«ãR&Dã¯æè¡ã®é²æ©ã«ãã£ãŠæ°ããªããžãã¹ã®æ©äŒãåµåºãã瀟äŒã®ããããé¢ã§ã®å質ã®åäžã«è²¢ç®ããŸãã
1.4 R&Dãç解ããããã®åºæ¬çšèª
R&Dã«é¢é£ããåºæ¬çãªçšèªãç解ããããšã¯éèŠã§ãããããã®äžéšã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ãïŒ
ã€ãããŒã·ã§ã³(Innovation)ïŒæ°ããã¢ã€ãã¢ãæ¹æ³ããŸãã¯æ¢åã®ãã®ã®æ°ããªå¿çšãæå³ããŸããã€ãããŒã·ã§ã³ã¯ã補åããµãŒãã¹ãããžãã¹ã¢ãã«ã®æ¹åãŸãã¯åçºæã«ãããåžå Žã®ããŒãºã解決ãããããããŸãã¯æ°ããªåžå Žãéæããããã«è¡ãããŸãã
ç¥ç財ç£æš©(IPR = Intellectual Property Rights)ïŒããã¯çºæããã¶ã€ã³ããã©ã³ããèäœæš©ã«é¢é£ããæš©å©ãæããŸãããããã®æš©å©ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã競äºåªäœæ§ãä¿è·ããç 究éçºã®çµæã掻çšããããã«éèŠã§ãã
2. R&Dã®çš®é¡ãšç¹æ§
R&DïŒç 究éçºïŒã«ã¯å€å²ã«æž¡ãçš®é¡ãååšããŸããããããã®çš®é¡ã«ã¯ãåºæã®ç®çãç¹æ§ãããã«äŒŽãæŠç¥ããããŸããä»åã¯ãã®äžã§ãæãåºæ¬çãªåºç€ç 究ã»å¿çšç 究ã»éçºç 究ã®3ã€ã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã解説ããŸãã
2.1 åºç€ç 究
åºç€ç 究ã¯ãç§åŠæè¡ã®æ ¹å¹¹ãšãªãçè«ãæ³åã®çºèŠã»è§£æãç®çãšããç 究ã§ããã¢ã€ãã¢ã®åµåºãçè«çãªèæ¯ã®ç解匷åãç®æããå ·äœçãªè£œåããµãŒãã¹ã®éçºãšã¯ç¡é¢ä¿ãªå Žåãå€ãã§ãã
ããããªãããåºç€ç 究ãæªç¥ã®åéãéæãæ°ããªå¯èœæ§ã瀺ãããšã§ãé·æçãªèŠç¹ã§ã¯æè¡é©æ°ãç£æ¥çã®æ°ããªæœ®æµã®åµåºã«è²¢ç®ããŸããã§ããããçµæžæŽ»åã®çºå±ã«åããæ·±é ãªãå¯äžããããšèšããã«ã¯ããããŸããã
2.2 å¿çšç 究
å¿çšç 究ã¯ãåºç€ç 究ã§åŸãããç¥èããå ·äœçãªåé¡è§£æ±ºã補åéçºã®ããã«æŽ»çšããããšãç®æãç 究ã§ããç¹å®ã®ç®çã«å¯Ÿãã解決çãæäŸããããšãç®æããæè¡ã®åçšåã念é ã«çœ®ãã掻åã§ãã
å¿çšç 究ã¯ãæ°è£œåããµãŒãã¹ã®éçºãæ¢å補åã®æ¹è¯ãªã©ã«çŽçµãããããäŒæ¥ã®ç«¶äºååäžãåžå Žã®æ°èŠéæãªã©ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒããŸãã
2.3 éçºç 究
éçºç 究ã¯ãå ·äœçãªè£œåããµãŒãã¹ã«çµã³ã€ãç 究ã®ããšãæããŸããéçºç 究ã¯ãå¿çšç 究ã§åŸãããçµæãããšã«ãæ°è£œåã®èšèšã»è£œé ãæ°ãµãŒãã¹ã®æäŸãç®æããŸãã
éçºç 究ã®ææã¯ãåžå Žã«å ·äœçãªè£œåããµãŒãã¹ãšããŠåœ¢ããšããæ¶è²»è ããŠãŒã¶ãŒã«çŽæ¥çãªäŸ¡å€ãæäŸããŸããäŒæ¥ã®çµæžæŽ»åãšããŠã¯ããã®éçºç 究ããå°ãããææãçŽæ¥çãªåçãçã¿åºãããšãæåŸ ãããŸãã
2.4 åçš®é¡ã®R&Dã®æ¯èŒ
ããã3ã€ã®R&Dã¯ãåã ãç°ãªãç®çãšç¹æ§ãæã€äžæ¹ã§ãäžé£ã®æµãã®äžã§æ·±ãé£æºããŠããŸããåºç€ç 究ãæ°ããªç§åŠçç¥èãåµåºãããã®ç¥èãå¿çšç 究ã§è£œåãã·ã¹ãã éçºãžãšã€ãªããæçµçã«éçºç 究ã§å ·äœçãªäŸ¡å€åµåºãè¡ããšããæµããæãããŸãã
ããããã®ç 究ã¯åã ã«å€§ããªäŸ¡å€ãæã€ãšåæã«ãçžäºã®é£æºã«ãã倧ããªã·ããžãŒãçãã®ã§ãããã®èŠç¹ããèŠããšãåç 究ã®é¢é£æ§ãšéèŠæ§ãäžå±€åŒ·èª¿ãããã§ãããã
3. R&Dã®æŠç¥çæ矩
3.1 åæ¥ç芳ç¹ããã®R&D
R&Dã®æãéèŠãªæ矩ã®äžã€ã¯ãæ°è£œåããµãŒãã¹ãéçºããããã«ãã£ãŠæ°ããªåçæºãåµåºããããšã§ããããã¯äŒæ¥ã競äºåªäœãç¶æããæ¥çžŸãåäžãããäžã§æ¬ ããããšã®ã§ããªãèŠçŽ ã§ãã
R&Dã¯ãŸããæ¢åã®è£œåããµãŒãã¹ãæ¹åããŠåžå Žã®ããŒãºã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã®æ段ãšããŠãçšããããŸããããã«ãã£ãŠã顧客æºè¶³åºŠã®åäžããã©ã³ãã®ä¿¡é Œæ§åäžãåžå Žã·ã§ã¢ã®ç²åŸãç®æãããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã«ãR&Dã¯ããžãã¹ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§ã確ä¿ããããã®éèŠãªæ段ã§ããããŸããR&DãéããŠæ°ããªæè¡ãææ³ãéçºããã°ãäŒæ¥ã¯åžå Žã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããå°æ¥ã®æåã確ä¿ããããšãã§ããŸãã
3.2 瀟äŒç芳ç¹ããã®R&D
åæ¥çãªèŠ³ç¹ã ãã§ãªããR&Dã¯ç€ŸäŒã®çºå±ã«ãéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŸããæ°ããæè¡ããµãŒãã¹ãéããŠã瀟äŒã®åé¡ã解決ããããç掻ã®è³ªãé«ãããããããšãå¯èœãšãªããŸãã
äŸãã°ãå»çã®R&Dã¯æ°è¬ã®éçºã«ãããæ²»çäžèœã ãšãããŠããç æ°ã®æ²»çæ³ãèŠã€ããããšãã§ããŸããããã«ãããæ£è ã®ç掻ã®è³ªãåäžããé·å¯¿ç€ŸäŒã®å®çŸã«è²¢ç®ããŸãã
ãŸããç°å¢åéã®R&Dã¯ããªãµã€ã¯ã«æè¡ã®éçºãåçå¯èœãšãã«ã®ãŒã®æ®åãšãã£ã圢ã§å°çç°å¢ã®ä¿è·ã«å¯äžããŸããããã«ãããæç¶å¯èœãªç€ŸäŒã®å®çŸã«åããäžå©ãšãªããŸãã
3.3 R&DãšäŒæ¥ç«¶äºå
R&Dã¯äŒæ¥ã®ç«¶äºåã匷åããããŒãšãªãèŠçŽ ã§ããæ°è£œåéçºèœåãæè¡é©æ°åãåžå Žå¯Ÿå¿åãšãã£ãäŒæ¥ã®ç«¶äºåãé«ããããã®å€ãã®èŠçŽ ã¯ãR&DãéããŠç²åŸããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
ãŸãã競äºçžæã«å é§ããŠæ°æè¡ãéçºãå°å ¥ããããšã§ãäžæçã§ã競äºåªäœã確ä¿ããããšãå¯èœã§ããããã¯ãåžå Žå æçã®ç²åŸããã©ã³ãå匷åã«çŽçµããŸãã
åžå Žç°å¢ã¯çµ¶ããå€åããŸãããR&DãéããŠæ°ããªäŸ¡å€ãåµé ããèœåã¯ããã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã®éèŠãªæŠç¥ã§ãã
3.4 é©æ°çãªR&Dã®äºäŸ
ãã¯ãããžãŒæ¥çã¯ãé©æ°çãªR&Dã掻çºã«è¡ãããæ¥çã®äžã€ã§ããAppleã®iPhoneã¯ãã®å¥œäŸã§ãã¹ããåžå Žãé©åœåããŸãããã¹ããŒããã©ã³ã®åºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µãäœãåºããçŸåšã®ã¢ãã€ã«éä¿¡ã®åœ¢ã確ç«ãããªã©ãR&Dã®äŸ¡å€ãå ·äœçã«ç€ºãäºäŸã®äžã€ã§ãã
èªåè»æ¥çã§ããé»æ°èªåè»(EV)ã®TeslaãR&Dã«ãã£ãŠåžå Žãå€é©ããŠããŸããå çæ©é¢ããé»æ°ãžã®åãæ¿ãã次äžä»£ã®æœ®æµãšãªã£ãŠãããTeslaã¯ãã®å é§ããšãªãé©æ°çãªæè¡ãéçãã倧ããªåœ±é¿åãæã€äŒæ¥ãšãªããŸããã
ããããäºäŸãããåããããã«ãR&Dã¯äŒæ¥ãé©æ°ãéããåžå ŽããªãŒãããããã®éèŠãªæ段ã§ããããšã¯ééããããŸããã
4. R&Dã®éå¶:çµç¹ãšããã»ã¹
R&DïŒãªãµãŒãã»ã¢ã³ãã»ããŽã§ãããã¡ã³ãïŒãšã¯ãäŒæ¥ã§ããæè²æ©é¢ã§ãããŸãåœå®¶ã¬ãã«ã§ãè¡ãããéèŠãªæŽ»åã§ããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãæ°ããªè£œåããµãŒãã¹ããããã¯æè¡ã®éçºãšåäžãè¡ãããã®çµç¹çãªåãçµã¿ãæããŸãããã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ãR&Dã®éå¶ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãçµç¹ãšããã»ã¹ã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã解説ããŸãã
4.1 R&Dã®çµç¹æ§é
R&Dã®çµç¹æ§é ã¯ãã®ç®çã«ããå€åããŸããäžéšã®äŒæ¥ã§ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã«å¯ŸããR&DããŒã ãæ§æããã該åœãããžã§ã¯ããçµãããšè§£æ£ããå床æ°ããªããŒã ãç·šæãããŸããäžæ¹ãä»ã®äŒæ¥ã§ã¯æåžžçãªR&Déšéãèšããæ¥ã éçºãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãã
ãŸããR&Dã®èŠæš¡ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®èŠæš¡ãäºæ¥å 容ãç 究éçºã®ç®çãªã©ããå€ãããããäžæŠã«ã¯å®ãŸããªãããšãç¹åŸŽçã§ããããããªãããæ§æèŠçŽ ãšããŠã¯ãç 究éçºããŒã ãæ¯æŽéšèããããŒãžã¡ã³ãããŒã ãªã©ãèããããŸãã
ãªãããã®çµç¹æ§é ã¯R&Dã®æåãšææãå·Šå³ããéèŠãªãã¡ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ãããããçµç¹ã®ç¶æ³ã«å¿ããŠé©åã«èª¿æŽããããšãæ±ããããŸãã
4.2 R&Dã®ãããžã§ã¯ã管ç
R&Dã®ãããžã§ã¯ã管çãšã¯ãæ°è£œåéçºãæ°æè¡éçºãé²è¡ããã«ããã£ãŠããããžã§ã¯ãã®èšç»ç«æ¡ãé²è¡ç®¡çãè©äŸ¡ãªã©ãè¡ãããã»ã¹ã®ããšãæããŸãã
ãã®ç®¡çæ¹æ³ã¯ãç 究ã®ç®çã«ããç°ãªããŸãããäžè¬çã«ã¯ç®æšèšå®ããªãœãŒã¹ç®¡çãé²è¡ç®¡çãçµæè©äŸ¡ãç¥èŠã®å ±æã»æŽ»çšãšããã¹ããããçµãŸãããããåéã§ã®å¹ççãªç®¡çã¯ãR&Dã®æåã倧ããå·Šå³ããŸãã
ã ãããšèšã£ãŠå šãŠææ¢ãã§é²ããã®ã¯é£ãããããæ¢åã®ãããžã§ã¯ã管çææ³ãåãå ¥ããŠããäŒæ¥ãå€ãã®ãçŸç¶ã§ãã
4.3 ææç©ãçãããã®ããã»ã¹ãããŒ
R&Dã«ãããããã»ã¹ãããŒã¯ãã¢ã€ãã¢çºæ³ããæçµçãªææç©ã®å®æãŸã§ãèŠè¶ããèšç»çãªè¡åã®æµããæããŸãã
å ·äœçã«ã¯ããŸãåãã«ç®æšèšå®ãè¡ãããã®åŸèª²é¡å®çŸ©ããªãœãŒã¹å²ãåœãŠãäœæ¥å®æœãè©äŸ¡ã»æ€èšŒããããŠçµæå ±åãšããæµãã§é²ããããŸãããã®å šäœã®æµããé©åã«ç®¡çããããšããææç©ãçã¿åºãããã®éèŠãªéµãšãªããŸãã
ãªãããããã®ããã»ã¹ã¯å¿ ãããäžæ¹åçã§ã¯ãªããå ã«é²ãéçšã§æ°ããªç¥èŠãåŸãããå Žåã«ã¯ãé©å®èŠçŽããè¡ãããšã§ãæŽãªãææã«ç¹ããããšããããããŸãã
4.4 R&Dã®ããããã©ãŒã«ãšå¯Ÿç
R&D掻åã¯ãªã¹ã¯ã䌎ãããããã®ããããã©ãŒã«ãšå¯Ÿçãç解ããŠããããšãéèŠã§ãã
äžè¬çãªãªã¹ã¯èŠå ãšããŠã¯ãæè¡çãªå°é£ããªãœãŒã¹ã®äžè¶³ãæé管çã®å€±æãã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³äžè¶³ãªã©ããããŸããããããé©åã«ç®¡çããªããšãR&Dã®ææã倧ããæãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
察çãšããŠã¯ããªã¹ã¯ç®¡çææ³ã®å°å ¥ãååãªãªãœãŒã¹ã®ç¢ºä¿ãéææ§ã®ããã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããããŠåçç¹ã®å ±æãšåçºé²æ¢çã®å®æœãªã©ãæããããŸãããã®ãããªç確ãªå¯Ÿçãåãããšã§ãR&Dã®æŽ»åãåæ»ã«é²è¡ãããçµæçã«ææãåäžãããããšãã§ããŸãã
5. R&Dã®è²¡åèšç»ãšè³é調é
R&DïŒç 究éçºïŒã¯æ°è£œåã»æ°ãµãŒãã¹ã®éçºãæ¢å補åã®æ¹åãªã©ã«å¿ èŠãªæŽ»åã§ãããžãã¹ã«ãããæé·ãšã€ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãé§åããéèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããããããR&Dã¯é«åºŠãªå°éç¥èãšè³æºãå¿ èŠãšãããŸãææãåºããŸã§ã«ã¯æéãšè²»çšãããããŸããããã§ã¯ãR&Dã®è²¡åèšç»ãšè³é調éã«ã€ããŠãããããã解説ããŸãã
ãŸããR&Dãžã®æè³ã¯ãªã¹ã¯ãšãªã¿ãŒã³ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãç解ããããšãéèŠã§ãã次ã«ãR&Dã®äºç®èšç»ãšãã®ç®¡çã«ã€ããŠããããŠéèãR&Dã«ã©ã®ããã«é¢äžããã®ãã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸããæåŸã«ãè³é調éã®æ¹æ³ãšããŠããŒãã¹ãã©ããã³ã°ãããã³ãã£ãŒãã£ãã¿ã«ãŸã§ã®çš®é¡ãšç¹åŸŽã«ã€ããŠè§£èª¬ããŸãã
5.1 R&Dã®ã³ã¹ããšãªã¿ãŒã³ã®ç解
R&Dã®ã³ã¹ãã«ã¯ã人件費ãèšåæè³ãåææè²»çããããŸãããããã¯éçºã®é²è¡ã«äŒŽã£ãŠå¢æžããŸãããŸããæ°è£œåããµãŒãã¹ãåžå Žã«åºãããã®æéãããã®åŸã®åžå Žã¿ã°ã®äŒžã³ããçãã³ã¹ãã®èŠ³ç¹ããèããã¹ããã¡ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ãã
äžæ¹ããªã¿ãŒã³ã«ã¯è£œåã»ãµãŒãã¹å£²äžã®å¢å ããã©ã³ãã€ã¡ãŒãžã®é«æãæ°åžå Žãžã®åå ¥ãªã©ãèããããŸãããããããããã¯æåããã°åŸããããªã¿ãŒã³ã§ãããæåããªãå Žåã®ãªã¹ã¯ãèæ ®ã«å ¥ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ããããã³ã¹ããšãªã¿ãŒã³ãç解ãããã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãåãããšãR&Dã®é©åãªéçšã«ã€ãªãããŸãã
5.2 R&Dã®äºç®èšç»ãšç®¡ç
R&Dã®äºç®ãèšç»ããäžã§ãäºæ³ãããã³ã¹ããšäºæž¬ããããªã¿ãŒã³ãšãã2ã€ã®èŠ³ç¹ãèæ ®ããå¿ èŠããããŸããåæã¹ããŒãžã§ã¯ãäºæ³ã³ã¹ãã¯æ確ã§ããäžæ¹ã§ãªã¿ãŒã³ã¯äºæž¬ãé£ãããªãããšãå€ãã§ãã
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