AIã®äžçã§å¹ççãªåŠç¿æ¹æ³ãè¿œæ±ããããžãã¹ããŒãœã³ãž – 転移åŠç¿ãçšããçæAIã®éçºã¯ããªãœãŒã¹ãšæéãç¯çŽããªãã粟床ã®é«ãã¢ãã«ãçã¿åºãè¿éã§ãããé©åãªæºåãšå®è£ æŠç¥ãäžå¯æ¬ ã§ããæ¬ã¬ã€ãã§ã¯ã転移åŠç¿ã®åºç€ããå¿çšãŸã§ããã®éçšã§å¿ èŠãšãªãããŒã¿ã®éžæãååŠçããããŠçæAIã«ããã転移åŠç¿ã®ç¹å¥ãªåœ¹å²ãç¶²çŸ ããŸããããã«ãå¹ççãªè»¢éåŠç¿ææ³ãéããŠAIã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœãæ倧åããæè¡ã玹ä»ããŸããSEOã«æé©åããå¿æž©ãŸãå£èª¿ã§ããžãã¹ã®å°é家ãçŽé¢ããçåã«çããæ¬èšäºã¯ãAIæè¡ã®ãããªãç解ãšçºå±ã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªãªãœãŒã¹ãšãªãã§ãããã
転移åŠç¿ãšã¯ïŒåºæ¬çãªæŠå¿µè§£èª¬
転移åŠç¿ã®å®çŸ©ãšæŽå²
転移åŠç¿ãšã¯ãããã¿ã¹ã¯ã®ããã«åŠç¿ãããç¥èãå¥ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšããããšãæããŸãããã®æè¡ã¯ãæ©æ¢°åŠç¿ã®åéã§ç¹ã«æ³šç®ãéããŠãããå¹ççãªåŠç¿ææ³ãšããŠå€ãã®ç 究ãè¡ãããŠããŸãã転移åŠç¿ã®æŠå¿µèªäœã¯æ°ãããããŸããããè¿å¹Žã®ãã£ãŒãã©ãŒãã³ã°ã®é²å±ã«ãããããé«åºŠãªåœ¢ã§ã®å¿çšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸããã
æŽå²çã«èŠããšã転移åŠç¿ã¯äººéãæ°ããã¹ãã«ãåŠã¶éã«ãéå»ã®çµéšãå©çšããåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ãã¢ãã«åããè©Šã¿ããçæ³ãåŸãŠããŸããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ã®åéã§ã¯ãæåã®å®çšçãªè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ãç»åèªèãèªç¶èšèªåŠçãªã©ã®ç¹å®ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã§æå¹æ§ãå®èšŒããã以éãæ§ã ãªé åã§ãã®å¿çšç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ããŠããŸããã
転移åŠç¿ã®æ倧ã®é åã¯ãå°éã®ããŒã¿ã§ãå¹ççã«åŠç¿ãå¯èœã«ãªãç¹ã§ããããã«ãããããŒã¿åéã®ã³ã¹ããæéãåæžãã€ã€ãé«ãæ§èœã®ã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã®éèŠæ§ãšå¿çšåé
転移åŠç¿ã¯ãããŒã¿ãéãããŠããå Žé¢ã§ã®æ©æ¢°åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœåäžã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªæè¡ã§ããç¹ã«ãç»ååŠçãèªç¶èšèªåŠçãé³å£°èªèãªã©ã倧éã®ããŒã¿ãå¿ èŠãšããé åã§ãã®äŸ¡å€ãèªèãããŠããŸãããŸãããã«ã¹ã±ã¢ãéèãªã©ãç¹å®ã®å°éç¥èã掻çšããåéã§ãå¿çšããå§ããŠããŸãã
å¿çšåéãšããŠã¯ãäºåã«å€§èŠæš¡ãªããŒã¿ã»ããã§èšç·Žãããã¢ãã«ã䜿ã£ãŠãå°èŠæš¡ãªããŒã¿ã»ããã«å¯ŸããŠé«ç²ŸåºŠã®äºæž¬ãè¡ãããšãæããããŸããäŸãã°ãé¡èªèã·ã¹ãã ã§ã¯å€çš®å€æ§ãªäººç©ã®ç»åãçšããŠåŠç¿ãããã¢ãã«ãåºã«ãå°æ°ã®ãµã³ãã«ã§åã ã®é¡ãèå¥ããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
ãããã®å¿çšã«ããã転移åŠç¿ã¯å€ãã®æ¥çã«ãããŠé©æ°ããããããŠããŸããæ°ããªå¿çšåéã®æ¢æ±ããã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœåäžã«è²¢ç®ãç¶ããæè¡ãšããŠããã®éèŠæ§ã¯ãŸããŸãé«ãŸã£ãŠããŸãã
äŒçµ±çåŠç¿ææ³ãšã®æ¯èŒ
äŒçµ±çãªåŠç¿ææ³ã§ã¯ãåã¿ã¹ã¯ã«å¯ŸããŠãŒãããã¢ãã«ãåŠç¿ãããå¿ èŠããããŸããããã«å¯ŸããŠã転移åŠç¿ãå©çšããã°ãæ¢ã«åŠç¿æžã¿ã®ã¢ãã«ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšããããšã§ãåŠç¿æéã®ççž®ãšæ§èœåäžãæåŸ ã§ããŸãã
ç¹ã«ãããŒã¿ãå°ãªãå Žåããèšç®ãªãœãŒã¹ãéãããŠããç°å¢ã§ã¯ã転移åŠç¿ã®å¹æãé¡èã§ããåè¿°ã®éããæ¢åã¢ãã«ã®ç¥èã掻çšããããšã§ãã¢ãã«ã®åæãæ©ããªããå°ãªãããŒã¿ã§ãé«ã粟床ãéæããããšãã§ããŸãã
ããã«ã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãã£ãŒãã£ãŒæœåºã®æ¹æ³ãšããŠãåªããŠããŸããäºåã«åŠç¿ããã¢ãã«ã䜿ã£ãŠãããŒã¿ããæçšãªç¹åŸŽãæœåºãããããæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã®åŠç¿ã«å¿çšããããšãå¯èœã§ãããã®ãããªæè»æ§ããäŒçµ±çåŠç¿ææ³ãšæ¯èŒããŠè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®äžã€ã®å€§ããªå©ç¹ã§ãã
転移åŠç¿ã®åºæ¬çãªæµã
転移åŠç¿ãå®æœããåºæ¬çãªæµãã¯ããŸãé©åãªãœãŒã¹ã¿ã¹ã¯ãéžæããããšããå§ãŸããŸãããã®ãœãŒã¹ã¿ã¹ã¯ã§äºåã«åŠç¿ãããç¥èã¯ãã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšãããéã®åºç€ãšãªããŸãã次ã«ãåŠç¿æžã¿ã®ã¢ãã«ãéžæããã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ç¹åããŠåŸ®èª¿æŽãè¡ããŸãã
埮調æŽã®ããã»ã¹ã§ã¯ãå šãŠã®å±€ãååŠç¿ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããäžéšã®å±€ã ããã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã®ããŒã¿ã§ååŠç¿ãããããšãäžè¬çã§ãããã®éçšã§ãã¬ã€ã€ãŒããšã«åŠç¿çã調æŽããããšãéèŠãšãªããŸããã¬ã€ã€ãŒã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããœãŒã¹ã¿ã¹ã¯ã§åŠç¿ããæ å ±ãä¿æãã€ã€ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©å¿ãããå¿ èŠãããããã§ãã
æåŸã«ã埮調æŽãçµãã¢ãã«ãã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã®ããŒã¿ã§è©äŸ¡ãããã®æ§èœãæ€èšŒããŸãã転移åŠç¿ã§ã¯ããã®ããã»ã¹ãéããŠãæ¢åã®ç¥èãæå¹æŽ»çšãã€ã€ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«è¿ éã«é©å¿ããããšãç®æããŸãããã®æŠç¥ã¯ãã¢ãã«ã®éçºæéã®ççž®ãšæ§èœã®æé©åã«å¯äžããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã®ããã®ããŒã¿æºå
ããŒã¿ã®éžå¥ãšååŠçã®åºæ¬
転移åŠç¿ãæåãããããã§ãé©åãªããŒã¿ã®éžå¥ãšååŠçã¯é¿ããŠéããªãã¹ãããã§ãããŸããã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ãšã£ãŠæãé¢é£æ§ãé«ãããŒã¿ã»ãããéžå®ããããšãéèŠã§ãããã®éãããŒã¿ã®å質ããã¢ãã«ã«äŸçµŠããæ å ±ã®å€æ§æ§ãããŒãšãªããŸãã
次ã«ãéžå®ããããŒã¿ã«å¯ŸããååŠçãè¡ããŸããããã«ã¯ããã€ãºã®é€å»ãæ¬ æå€ã®åŠçãæ£èŠåãæšæºåãªã©ãå«ãŸããŸãããŸããããŒã¿ã®åœ¢åŒãã¢ãã«ã®å ¥åã«é©ãã圢ã«å€æããäœæ¥ãæ¬ ãããŸããããããã®ããã»ã¹ã¯ãåŠç¿å¹çã®åäžãšã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœã®æé©åãå®çŸããŸãã
ããã«ãããŒã¿æ¡åŒµãã©ããªã³ã°ãå¯èœãªå Žåã¯ããã®æºåãããã§è¡ããŸããé©åãªååŠçã¯ãæçµçãªã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœã倧ããå·Šå³ããããã泚ææ·±ãæ€èšããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ããŒã¿ã»ããã®æ¡åŒµãã¯ããã¯
ããŒã¿ã»ããã®éãéãããŠããå ŽåãããŒã¿æ¡åŒµã¯åŠç¿ããŒã¿ã人工çã«å¢ããæå¹ãªæ段ã§ããç»åããŒã¿ã®å Žåãå転ãå転ããºãŒã ãã·ãããªã©ã®æäœãçšããŠæ°ããªãµã³ãã«ãçæã§ããŸããããã¹ãããŒã¿ã§ããã°ãã·ããã ã®çœ®æãèšãæããå©çšããŠåæ§ã®å¹æãæåŸ ã§ããŸãã
ãã®ãã¯ããã¯ã®äž»ãªç®çã¯ãã¢ãã«ãããäžè¬åãããçŸå®äžçã®å€æ§ãªç¶æ³ã«å¯ŸåŠã§ããããã«ããããšã§ãããŸããéåŠç¿ã®ãªã¹ã¯ã軜æžããå¹æããããŸãããã ããããŒã¿æ¡åŒµã¯å ã®ããŒã¿ãšæå³ãå€ããªãç¯å²ã§è¡ãå¿ èŠããããŸãã
å®éã«ããŒã¿æ¡åŒµãè¡ãéã«ã¯ãã¿ã¹ã¯ã®æ§è³ªãèæ ®ãã€ã€ãé©åãªãã¯ããã¯ãéžæããããšãèèŠã§ããéå°ãªæ¡åŒµã¯ãäºæãã¬ãã€ãºã®å°å ¥ããåŠç¿ã«æªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãå¯èœæ§ããããã泚æãå¿ èŠã§ãã
å¹æçãªããŒã¿ã©ããªã³ã°æŠç¥
é«å質ãªã©ãã«ä»ãã¯ãæåž«ããåŠç¿ã®ææã倧ãã«å·Šå³ããŸããç¹ã«ã転移åŠç¿ã§ã¯ããœãŒã¹ã¿ã¹ã¯ããã¿ãŒã²ããã¿ã¹ã¯ãžç¥èãé©åã«è»¢ç§»ãããããã«ãæ£ç¢ºãªã©ããªã³ã°ãå¿ é ãšãªããŸããã©ãã«ã®ç²ŸåºŠã確ä¿ããããã«ã¯ãå°éç¥èãæã€äººéã«ããæäœæ¥ãå¿ èŠã«ãªãããšãå€ãã§ãã
ãããã倧éã®ããŒã¿ã«å¯ŸããŠäººæã§ã©ãã«ãä»ããããšã¯è²»çšãšæéãããããããåèªåãŸãã¯èªåã®ã©ããªã³ã°ææ³ãæ±ããããŸããæ©æ¢°åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ãçšããŠã©ãã«ãåæåãããã®åŸã§äººéã確èªã»ä¿®æ£ãããã€ããªããã¢ãããŒããå¹æçã§ãã
ããã«ãã¢ã¯ãã£ãã©ãŒãã³ã°ãšããã¢ãããŒããåãå ¥ããããšã§ãã©ããªã³ã°ã®å¹çãåäžãããããšãã§ããŸãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ãã¢ãã«ã®åŠç¿ã«æãè²¢ç®ããã§ããããµã³ãã«ãåªå çã«ã©ããªã³ã°ããŸãããããã®æŠç¥ã«ãããã³ã¹ããæãã€ã€ãããŒã¿ã©ããªã³ã°ã®ç²ŸåºŠãšå¹çãæ倧åã§ããŸãã
äžåè¡¡ããŒã¿åé¡ãžã®å¯Ÿå¿
å®äžçã®ããŒã¿ã»ããã§ã¯ããã°ãã°ã¯ã©ã¹éã®äžåè¡¡ãååšããŸããããã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ãµã³ãã«ãä»ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠå§åçã«å°ãªãå Žåã«çºçããã¢ãã«ãå°æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ãç¡èŠããŠå€æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ãéå°ã«åŠç¿ããŠããŸãåå ãšãªããŸãã
ãã®åé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããããã«ã¯ãå°æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ããŒã¿ãå¢ããããã®ãªãŒããŒãµã³ããªã³ã°ããå€æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ããŒã¿ãæžããããã®ã¢ã³ããŒãµã³ããªã³ã°ãæå¹ã§ãããŸããåæãã€ããªãã£ãªãŒããŒãµã³ããªã³ã°æè¡(SMOTE)ã®ãããªã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãçšããŠã人工çã«å°æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ããŒã¿ãçæããææ³ãåºãçšããããŠããŸãã
å¥ã®ã¢ãããŒããšããŠãã¯ã©ã¹ã®äžåè¡¡ãåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ã«çŽæ¥çµã¿èŸŒãã§å¯Ÿå¿ããæ¹æ³ããããŸããäŸãã°ãç°ãªãã¯ã©ã¹ã®ãµã³ãã«ã«ç°ãªãéã¿ãä»ããããšã§ãå°æ°ã¯ã©ã¹ã®åœ±é¿ãå¢åŒ·ãããããšãã§ããŸãããããã®æŠç¥ãçµã¿åãããããšã§ãäžåè¡¡ããŒã¿åé¡ã«ããäžå©ãªåœ±é¿ãæå°åããã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœãåäžãããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
çæAIãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿
çæAIã®åºæ¬ãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®åœ¹å²
çæAIã¯ãããŒã¿ãåºã«æ°ããããŒã¿ãçæãã人工ç¥èœæè¡ã§ãããã®æè¡ã¯ç»åãé³å£°ãããã¹ããªã©ãããŸããŸãªåéã§å©çšãããŠããŸããäžæ¹ã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãããã¿ã¹ã¯ã§åŠç¿ããã¢ãã«ããå¥ã®é¢é£ããã¿ã¹ã¯ãžé©çšããæ¹æ³ã§ãã転移åŠç¿ã«ãããçæAIã®åŠç¿ããã»ã¹ãå éãããããå¹æçãªã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã¯ã倧éã®ããŒã¿ãå¿ èŠãšããåŸæ¥ã®åŠç¿æ¹æ³ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãåŠç¿ã«å¿ èŠãªããŒã¿éãåæžã§ããŸããããã«ãã£ãŠãåŠç¿æéã®ççž®ãã³ã¹ãåæžãå®çŸããå°èŠæš¡ã®ããŒã¿ã»ããã§ãé«å質ãªçæã¢ãã«ãéçºã§ããããã«ãªããŸããç¹ã«ãçæAIã®åæã¹ããŒãžã§ã®åŠç¿å¹çãæ Œæ®µã«åäžããŸãã
ããã«ã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãç°ãªããã¡ã€ã³éã§ã®ç¥èã®ç§»è»¢ãå¯èœã«ããŸããäŸãã°ãç»åèªèã§åŠç¿ããã¢ãã«ããããã¹ãçæã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«å¿çšããããšãå¯èœã§ãããã®æè»æ§ã«ãããå€æ§ãªã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§çæAIã®æŽ»çšãæ¡å€§ããŠããŸãã
çæã¢ãã«ã®çš®é¡ãšéžæåºæº
çæã¢ãã«ã«ã¯ãGANïŒGenerative Adversarial NetworksïŒãVAEïŒVariational AutoencodersïŒãRNNïŒRecurrent Neural NetworksïŒãªã©ãããŸããŸãªçš®é¡ãååšããŸãããããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãããããç°ãªãã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãæã¡ãå©çšãããããŒã¿ãç®çã«ãã£ãŠé©ããã¢ãã«ãå€ãããŸãã
GANã¯ãçæã¢ãã«ãšå€å¥ã¢ãã«ã競åããªããåŠç¿ããä»çµã¿ã§ãé«å質ãªç»åçæã«é©ããŠããŸããVAEã¯ãããŒã¿ã®æœåšçãªç¹åŸŽãæããèœåãé«ããç»åãé³å£°ããŒã¿ã®å§çž®ã«æå¹ã§ããRNNã¯ãæç³»åããŒã¿ãèªç¶èšèªã®çæã«åŒ·ã¿ãæã¡ãŸãã
ã¢ãã«ãéžæããéã«ã¯ãç®æãã¢ãŠããããã®å質ãåŠç¿ã«å¿ èŠãªããŒã¿éãåŠçé床ãªã©ãèæ ®ããå¿ èŠããããŸãããŸãã転移åŠç¿ã掻çšããããšã§ãåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ãããã«é«éåããéžæããã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœãåäžãããããšãå¯èœã§ãã
転移åŠç¿ãå©çšããçæAIã®äºäŸçŽ¹ä»
転移åŠç¿ã掻çšããçæAIã®äºäŸãšããŠãèªç¶èšèªåŠçã®åéã§ã®å¿çšãæããããŸããäŸãã°ã倧èŠæš¡ãªããã¹ãããŒã¿ã»ããã§äºååŠç¿ãããã¢ãã«ãããŒã¹ã«ãç¹å®ã®ãžã£ã³ã«ãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®ããã¹ãçæã«å¿ èŠãªåŸ®èª¿æŽãè¡ãã±ãŒã¹ã§ãããã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ãããå¹ççã«é«å質ãªããã¹ãã³ã³ãã³ããçæããããšãã§ããŸãã
ç»åçæã®åéã§ã¯ãæåãªäŸãšããŠStyleGANããããŸããStyleGANã¯ã人ç©ã®é¡ç»åçæã«ãããŠãç°ãªãå±æ§ïŒé«ªã®è²ãè¡šæ ãªã©ïŒã®æäœãå¯èœã«ããé«åºŠãªã¢ãã«ã§ãããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãæ¢åã®é¡ç»åããŒã¿ã»ãããçšããŠåŠç¿ãããé©ãã»ã©ãªã¢ã«ãªäººç©ç»åãçæããŸãã
é³å£°åæã§ã¯ã転移åŠç¿ãå©çšããŠåã ã®å£°ã®ç¹åŸŽãæããç¹å®ã®äººç©ã®å£°ãæš¡å£ããæè¡ãéçºãããŠããŸããããã«ããããªã¢ã«ã¿ã€ã ã§é«å質ãªå£°ã®åæãå¯èœã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã転移åŠç¿ã®æŽ»çšã«ãããçæAIæè¡ã¯ãŸããŸãé«åºŠåããŠããŸãã
çæAIã®ããã®è»¢ç§»åŠç¿ãã€ãã©ã€ã³
å¹ççãªåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ãå®çŸããããã«ã転移åŠç¿ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ãæ§ç¯ããããšãéèŠã§ãããŸããé©åãªäºååŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®éžæãå¿ èŠã«ãªããŸãããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãç®çã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ãšé¢é£æ§ãé«ãããŒã¿ã»ããã§åŠç¿ãããŠããããšãæãŸããã§ãã
次ã«ãäºååŠç¿ã¢ãã«ãç®çã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ç¹åãããããã®åŸ®èª¿æŽãè¡ããŸãããã®æ®µéã§ã¯ãã¿ãŒã²ãããšããããŒã¿ã»ãããå©çšããŠãã¢ãã«ã®éã¿ãæé©åããŸãã埮調æŽã®éçšã§ãåŠç¿çãããããµã€ãºãªã©ã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿èª¿æŽãéµãšãªããŸãã
æåŸã«ã埮調æŽãããã¢ãã«ã®æ§èœãè©äŸ¡ããå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠè¿œå ã®èª¿æŽãè¡ãããšã§ãæçµçãªçæAIã¢ãã«ãå®æãããŸãããã®ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ãéããŠãçæéã§é«å質ãªçæã¢ãã«ãéçºããããšãå¯èœãšãªããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã®å¹ççãªåŠç¿æ¹æ³
ãã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ã®æŠç¥
転移åŠç¿ã«ããããã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ã¯ããããããèšç·Žæžã¿ã®ã¢ãã«ãç¹å®ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©å¿ãããææ³ã§ãããã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ãããå°ãªãããŒã¿ã»ããã§é«ãããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãå®çŸã§ããŸããèšç·Žæžã¿ã¢ãã«ã®æåŸã®æ°å±€ãèªåã®ã¿ã¹ã¯çšã«ã«ã¹ã¿ãã€ãºããåæã®å±€ã¯ãã®ãŸãŸå©çšããããšãäžè¬çãªæ¹æ³ã§ãã
ãã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ã®æåã¯ãã©ã®å±€ãåçµãããã©ã®å±€ãèšç·Žããããé©åã«éžã¶ããšã«å€§ããäŸåããŸãã深局åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®åæå±€ã¯ããäžè¬çãªç¹åŸŽãæããããšãå€ãããããã®å±€ã¯å€ãã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«å ±éããŠå©çšã§ãããããå€ãã®å Žåããããã®å±€ã¯åçµãããŸãã
å¹æçãªãã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ã®ããã«ã¯ããŸãäœãåŠç¿çã§èšç·Žãéå§ããåŸã ã«åŠç¿çãäžããŠããæ¹æ³ãæå¹ã§ããããã«ãããèšç·Žæžã¿ã®éã¿ãä¿æãã€ã€ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©å¿ãããããšãã§ããŸãã
åŠç¿çãšããããµã€ãºã®èª¿æŽ
転移åŠç¿ã«ãããŠåŠç¿çãšããããµã€ãºã®é©åãªèª¿æŽã¯ãåŠç¿ã®å¹çæ§ãšããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãæ倧åããããã§éèŠã§ããåŠç¿çãé«ããããšåŠç¿ãäžå®å®ã«ãªãããããäœããããšåŠç¿ãé ããªããããŸããæé©ãªåŠç¿çã¯å®éšãéããŠèŠã€ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
ããããµã€ãºã¯ãäžåºŠã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«äŸçµŠãããµã³ãã«ã®æ°ãæããŸãã倧ããªããããµã€ãºã¯èšç®å¹çãè¯ããªããŸãããã¢ãã«ã®æ±åèœåãäœäžããå¯èœæ§ããããŸããäžæ¹ãå°ããªããããµã€ãºã¯ã¢ãã«ãããäžè¬åããããããªãåé¢ãèšç·Žã«æéãããããŸãã
åŠç¿çãšããããµã€ãºã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãèŠã€ããäžã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãããããµã€ãºãåºå®ããåŠç¿çãåŸã ã«å€åãããããšã§æé©ãªèšå®ãç¹å®ããããšã§ãããŸããéã«åŠç¿çãåºå®ããŠããããµã€ãºãå€ããæ¹æ³ãæå¹ã§ãã
æ£ååãšããããã¢ãŠãã®é©çš
æ£ååã¯ãã¢ãã«ãæ°ããããŒã¿ã«å¯ŸããŠããè¯ãäžè¬åãè¡ãããã®æè¡ã§ããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãéã¿ã®å€§ããã«ããã«ãã£ãå ããããšã§ãã¢ãã«ã®è€éããæå¶ããŸããããã¯ã転移åŠç¿ã«ãããŠãéåŠç¿ãé²ãããã«éèŠã§ãã
ããããã¢ãŠãã¯ãèšç·Žäžã«ã©ã³ãã ã«ããŒããç¡å¹ã«ããããšã§ããããã¯ãŒã¯ã®éå°é©å¿ãé²ãæ¹æ³ã§ãããã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°æã«ããããã¢ãŠãå±€ãé©çšããããšã§ãããå ç¢ãªã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ã§ããŸãã
ãããã®ææ³ãçµã¿åãããããšã§ã転移åŠç¿ãçšããçæAIã®å¹ççãªåŠç¿ãå®çŸããŸããç¹ã«ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«å¯Ÿããã¢ãã«ã®é©å¿èœåãé«ããé·æéã«ããã£ãŠåªããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãç¶æããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
æ©æçµäºãšã¢ãã«ã®ã¢ã³ãµã³ãã«
æ©æçµäºã¯ãèšç·Žã®éçšã§éåŠç¿ãé²ãããã«èšç·Žãæ©æã«åæ¢ããææ³ã§ããããã¯ãæ€èšŒããŒã¿ã»ããäžã§ã®æ§èœãåäžããªããªã£ãç¹ãæ€åºãããã®æç¹ã§èšç·Žãçµäºããããšã«ãã£ãŠéæãããŸãããã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ãããæéãšãªãœãŒã¹ã®ç¡é§é£ããé¿ããªãããã¢ãã«ã®äžè¬åèœåãä¿ã€ããšãã§ããŸãã
ã¢ãã«ã®ã¢ã³ãµã³ãã«ã¯ãè€æ°ã®ã¢ãã«ãçµã¿åãããŠãåäžã¢ãã«ãããåªããäºæž¬æ§èœãéæããææ³ã§ãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¯ãç°ãªãèšå®ãã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ãæã€è€æ°ã®ã¢ãã«ããã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ãããããã®äºæž¬ãçµ±åããããšã§ãããå ç¢ã§ä¿¡é Œæ§ã®é«ãåºåãåŸãããŸãã
æ©æçµäºãšã¢ãã«ã®ã¢ã³ãµã³ãã«ãé©çšããããšã§ã転移åŠç¿ãçšããçæAIã¢ãã«ã®ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãå¹æçã«åäžãããããšãã§ããŸãããããã®ææ³ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ãããã¢ãã«ã®æ±çšæ§ãšå¯Ÿå¿èœåãé«ããããã«éèŠã§ãã
é«åºŠãªè»¢ç§»åŠç¿æŠç¥
転移åŠç¿ã¯ã人工ç¥èœã®é åã«ãããé©æ°çãªã¢ãããŒãã§ãããã¢ãã«ã®åŠç¿ãå¹çåããããã®æ žå¿æè¡ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãããã®ææ³ã¯ãããã¿ã¹ã¯ã§åŠãã ç¥èããé¢é£ãããç°ãªãã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšããããšã§ãæ°ããªã¿ã¹ã¯ã®åŠç¿ã«ãããæéãšãªãœãŒã¹ãåæžããŸããé«åºŠãªè»¢ç§»åŠç¿æŠç¥ã¯ããã®åºæ¬æŠå¿µãããã«çºå±ããããã®ã§ããã深局åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ãããé«åºŠã«ããããŠå¹ççã«åŠç¿ãããããã®æ¬æ°ãªæ¹æ³ãæäŸããŸãã
æè¿ã®é²æ©ã«ããã転移åŠç¿ã®å¿çšç¯å²ã¯åºããç¶ããŠããŸããããã«ã¯ãèªç¶èšèªåŠçïŒNLPïŒãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããžã§ã³ãé³å£°èªèãªã©ã®åéãå«ãŸããŸããããã«ãé«åºŠãªè»¢ç§»åŠç¿æŠç¥ãé§äœ¿ããããšã§ãéãããããŒã¿ã»ããã§ãå®çšçãªã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããå°èŠæš¡ãªãããžã§ã¯ããç¹å®ã®ããŒãºãæã€ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«å€§ããªæ©æµããããããŠããŸãã
ãã®èšäºã§ã¯ããŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ããã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®çµåãããã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯åŠç¿ãæåž«ãªã転移åŠç¿ãªã©ãããã€ãã®é«åºŠãªè»¢ç§»åŠç¿æŠç¥ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŠè§£èª¬ããŸãããããã®æè¡ãé§äœ¿ããããšã§ãçæAIã®å¹ççãªåŠç¿æ¹æ³ãå®çŸãã深局åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®çºå±ã«å¯äžããŸãã
ãŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ãšã¯ïŒ
ãŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ã¯ãã¢ãã«ãçŽæ¥çµéšããŠããªãã¿ã¹ã¯ã§ãæ§èœãçºæ®ã§ããããã«ããããšãç®çãšããåŠç¿æ¹æ³ã§ãããã®ææ³ã§ã¯ãã¢ãã«ãã©ãã«ä»ããããèšç·ŽããŒã¿ãäžå䜿çšããã«ãç°ãªãã¿ã¹ã¯ãå®è¡ã§ããèœåã身ã«ã€ããŸãããŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ã®çé«ã¯ãæœè±¡åãšäžè¬åã®èœåã«ãããã¢ãã«ãæ¢åã®ç¥èã掻çšããŠãèŠãããšã®ãªãæ°ããªã·ããªãªãæšæž¬ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ãŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ã®å¿çšã¯éåžžã«åºç¯ã§ãããç¹ã«èªç¶èšèªåŠçãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããžã§ã³ã®åéã§æ³šç®ãããŠããŸããããšãã°ãå€èšèªç¿»èš³ã¢ãã«ãç¹å®ã®èšèªãã¢ã«å¯ŸããçŽæ¥çãªèšç·ŽããŒã¿ãæããªãå Žåã§ãããŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿æè¡ãå©çšããããšã§ãå¹æçã«ç¿»èš³ãå®è¡ã§ããŸãã
ãŒãã·ã§ããåŠç¿ã¯ãããŒã¿ã®åéãšã¢ãããŒã·ã§ã³ã«ããããã³ã¹ããåæžããã ãã§ãªããã¢ãã«ã®é©çšç¯å²ãå€§å¹ ã«åºããããšãã§ãããããæ§ã ãªåéã§ã®å¿çšãæåŸ ãããŠããŸãã
ãã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®çµã¿åãã
ãã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ã¯ãããŒã¿ã®ãã©ã€ãã·ãŒãä¿è·ãã€ã€ãè€æ°ã®ããã€ã¹ããµãŒããŒã«åæ£ãããããŒã¿ã掻çšããŠã¢ãã«ããã¬ãŒãã³ã°ããæ¹æ³ã§ããããã§ã®éèŠãªèãæ¹ã¯ãåŠç¿ããŒã¿ãéäžãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããŒã«ã«ãªèšç®ãè¡ããã¢ãã«ã®ã¢ããããŒãã ããå ±æããããšã«ããããã©ã€ãã·ãŒãå®ããªããåŠç¿å¹çãåäžãããç¹ã«ãããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ãšãã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ãçµã¿åãããããšã§ãç°ãªããã¡ã€ã³ãã¿ã¹ã¯éã§ç¥èãå ±æããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãããã®çµåãã«ãããã¢ãã«ã¯åããŒã«ã«ç°å¢ã§ã®åŠç¿ãåºã«ãããåºç¯ãªã³ã³ããã¹ãã§æå¹ãªç¥èãèç©ããå šäœãšããŠã®æ§èœãåäžããŸãã
äŸãã°ãå»çåéã§ã¯ãç°ãªãç é¢ãå»çæ©é¢ãåã ã®ããŒã¿ãä¿æããŠããå Žåããã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®çµã¿åããã«ãããããããã®æ©é¢ã®ãã©ã€ãã·ãŒãå®ãã€ã€ãå šäœã®èšºæ粟床ãæ²»çæ³ã®çºèŠã«è³ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ããã«ãã§ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³åŠç¿ãšè»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã®çµåãã¯ããã©ã€ãã·ãŒä¿è·ãšå¹ççãªåŠç¿ã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãå®çŸããç»æçãªã¢ãããŒããšè©äŸ¡ãããŠããŸãã
ãã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯åŠç¿
ãã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯åŠç¿ã¯ãè€æ°ã®é¢é£ããã¿ã¹ã¯ãåæã«åŠç¿ããææ³ã§ãããã¿ã¹ã¯éã§æçšãªæ å ±ãå ±æããããšã«ãããå šäœã®åŠç¿å¹çãé«ããããšãç®çãšããŠããŸãããã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ãããã¢ãã«ã¯è€æ°ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã§æçšãªå ±éã®è¡šçŸãåŠç¿ããããããã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã®æ§èœãåäžãããããšãã§ããŸãã
ãã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯åŠç¿ã«ãããåã¿ã¹ã¯ã§å¿ èŠãªããŒã¿éãåæžãããããåŠç¿ã«å¿ èŠãªæéãççž®ããããªã©ã®å©ç¹ããããããç¹ã«ããŒã¿ãéãããŠããç¶æ³ããéãããªéçºãæ±ãããããããžã§ã¯ãã«é©ããŠããŸãããŸããç°ãªãã¿ã¹ã¯éã§æçãªç¥è転移ãä¿ãããããšã«ãããã¢ãã«ã®é©å¿æ§ãšæ±åæ§ãåäžããŸãã
äŸãšããŠãããã¹ãåé¡ãšææ åæãåæã«è¡ãã¢ãã«ã¯ããããäž¡ã¿ã¹ã¯ããæçãªç¹åŸŽãæœåºããŠçžäºã«å©çšããããšã§ãåã¿ã¹ã¯ã®ç²ŸåºŠãåäžãããããšãã§ããŸãããã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯åŠç¿ã¯ã転移åŠç¿æŠç¥ã®äžã§ãç¹ã«å€æ§ãªå¿çšãå¯èœã§ãããå®çšæ§ã®é«ãåŠç¿æ¹æ³ãšããŠæ³šç®ãããŠããŸãã
æåž«ãªã転移åŠç¿
æåž«ãªã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãã©ãã«ä»ããããŠããªãããŒã¿ã䜿çšããŠãã¢ãã«ãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ãåŠç¿ããææ³ã§ãããã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ç¹ã«ã倧éã®æªã©ãã«ããŒã¿ãå©çšå¯èœã§ããããã©ãã«ä»ãäœæ¥ãé£ããããããã¯ã³ã¹ããããããããå Žåã«æå¹ã§ãã
æåž«ãªã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãããŒã¿ã®æ§é ããã¿ãŒã³ãèªåçã«çºèŠãããããæ°ããªã¿ã¹ã¯ã®åŠç¿ã«é©çšããããšã§ãæéãã³ã¹ããæãã€ã€å¹ççãªã¢ãã«ã®éçºãå®çŸããŸããäŸãã°ãèšèªã¢ãã«ã®äºååŠç¿ã§ã¯ã倧èŠæš¡ãªããã¹ãã³ãŒãã¹ããèšèªã®ææ³çã»æå³çç¹åŸŽãåŠç¿ãããããå ·äœçãªNLPã¿ã¹ã¯ãžè»¢çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
ãã®ããã«æåž«ãªã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãããŒã¿ã©ããªã³ã°ãäºåç¥èãäžè¶³ããŠããã·ããªãªã§ããã¢ãã«ã®åŠç¿ãšé²åãå¯èœã«ãã匷åãªæè¡ãšããŠãå€ãã®ç 究è ãéçºè ããé¢å¿ãéããŠããŸããæªã©ãã«ããŒã¿ã®æŽ»çšãéããŠãçæAIãæ©æ¢°åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®çºå±ã«è²¢ç®ããŠããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã®æªæ¥ãšãã£ã¬ã³ãž
転移åŠç¿ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã§åŠãã ç¥èããæ°ããã䌌ããããªã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšããããšã«ãããçæAIã®åŠç¿å¹çãåäžãããæè¡ã§ãããã®åéã¯æ¥éã«çºå±ãéããŠãããä»åŸæ°å¹Žéã§æè¡ã®æ°ããªå°å¹³ãéãããããšãæåŸ ãããŠããŸãã
ãããã転移åŠç¿ã¯ãŸã çºå±éäžã®æè¡ã§ãããå€ãã®ãã£ã¬ã³ãžãä¹ãè¶ããå¿ èŠããããŸããå¹ççãªåŠç¿æ¹æ³ã®éçºããã©ã€ãã·ãŒä¿è·ãã»ãã¥ãªãã£é¢ã®åäžãªã©ããããã®èª²é¡ãžã®åãçµã¿ãä»åŸã®ç 究ã®çŠç¹ãšãªãã§ãããã
ãã®èšäºã§ã¯ã転移åŠç¿ã®æªæ¥ã«å¯ŸããæåŸ ãšåæã«ãçŸæ®µéã§çŽé¢ããŠããåé¡ç¹ã課é¡ã«ã€ããŠæ·±æãããŠãããããšæããŸãã
転移åŠç¿ã®ææ°ãã¬ã³ã
AIã®é åã§ã¯ãé£ç¶çãªåŠç¿èœåãå€æ§ãªããŒã¿ãœãŒã¹ããã®åŠç¿èœåã®åäžã転移åŠç¿ã®æ°ããªãã¬ã³ããšããŠæ³šç®ãããŠããŸããè€æ°ã®ç°ãªãã¿ã¹ã¯ãå¹ççã«åŠç¿ããããã®æ°ããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãã¢ãã«ã次ã ãšçã¿åºãããŠããŸãã
ãŸããããå°ãªãããŒã¿ã§é«ç²ŸåºŠãªäºæž¬ãå®çŸããããã®ç 究ãçãã«è¡ãããŠãããããŒã¿äžè¶³ã課é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããå€ãã®åéã§ã®å¿çšãæåŸ ãããŠããŸããããã«ãããããŒã¿ååŸã®ã³ã¹ãåæžãåŠç¿ããã»ã¹ã®é«éåãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã
ããã«ãç°çš®æ··åãã¢ãŒãã«éã®è»¢ç§»åŠç¿ã«é¢ããç 究ãé²ãã§ãããããã«ããAIã¯ãã人éã®ããã«è€éãªèªèãå€æãè¡ããããã«ãªããšæåŸ ãããŠããŸãã
解決ãã¹ã課é¡ãšéç
転移åŠç¿ã«ã¯ã解決ãã¹ãå€ãã®èª²é¡ãæ®ã£ãŠããŸããç¹ã«ãã¿ã¹ã¯éã§ã®è»¢ç§»ãå¿ ãããã¹ã ãŒãºã«è¡ãããªããããããããã¬ãã£ããã©ã³ã¹ãã¡ãŒãããã®äžã€ã§ããããã«ãããæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã®åŠç¿ãéã«é ããããšããããŸãã
ãŸããç°ãªãããŒã¿ååžãç¹åŸŽç©ºéãæã€ã¿ã¹ã¯éã§ã®è»¢ç§»ãå¹æçã«è¡ãããã®æè¡ãããŸã ååã«ã¯ç¢ºç«ãããŠããŸããããããã®åé¡ã解決ããããã«ã¯ãããæŽç·Žããã転移åŠç¿ã¢ãã«ã®éçºããæè»æ§ã®ããåŠç¿æŠç¥ã®æ§ç¯ãå¿ èŠãšãªããŸãã
å ããŠãé©åãªãœãŒã¹ã¿ã¹ã¯ãéžæããããšãã転移åŠç¿ã®å¹çã«å€§ãã圱é¿ããŸããé¢é£æ§ã®äœãã¿ã¹ã¯ããã®è»¢ç§»ã¯å°ãªãå¹æããæåŸ ã§ãããæé©ãªã¿ã¹ã¯ã®éžå®ãéèŠãªèª²é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã
ãã©ã€ãã·ãŒä¿è·ãšã»ãã¥ãªãã£
çæAIãçšãã転移åŠç¿ã§ã¯ãç°ãªãããŒã¿ãœãŒã¹ãã¿ã¹ã¯éã§ç¥èãå ±æããéçšã§ããã©ã€ãã·ãŒä¿è·ãšã»ãã¥ãªãã£ã®åé¡ã倧ããªé¢å¿äºãšãªããŸããç¹ã«ãæ£è ããŒã¿ãå人æ å ±ãå«ãã»ã³ã·ãã£ããªããŒã¿ã®æ±ãã«ã¯çŽ°å¿ã®æ³šæãå¿ èŠã§ãã
ãã®ãããããŒã¿ã®å¿ååããããŒã¿ãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¶åŸ¡çã®å¯Ÿçãå¿ é ãšãªããŸãããŸããããŒã¿ã®æŒæŽ©ãæªæããå©çšãé²ãããã®ã»ãã¥ãªãã£æè¡ã®é²åãè¿œããããªããã°ãªããŸããã
ããã«ãAIã®èª¬æå¯èœæ§ãé«ããã©ã®æ§ãªããŒã¿ãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãåŠç¿éçšãå€æã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒãã®ããæããã«ããããšãããã©ã€ãã·ãŒãšã»ãã¥ãªãã£ã®åäžã«ã¯äžå¯æ¬ ã§ãã
æ°žç¶çãªåŠç¿ã·ã¹ãã ãžã®é²å
転移åŠç¿ã®ç©¶æ¥µçãªç®æšã¯ãåŠç¿ããæ å ±ãç¶ç¶çã«ç©ã¿éããé©å¿ããæ°žç¶çãªåŠç¿ã·ã¹ãã ã®æ§ç¯ã§ãããã®ãããªã·ã¹ãã ã«ãããAIã¯åžžã«é²åãç¶ããæ°ããªããŒã¿ãã¿ã¹ã¯ã«è¿ éã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ãããããã®ç®æšãéæããããã«ã¯ãé·æçãªèšæ¶ä¿æãšå¿åŽã®ãã©ã³ã¹ãã©ã®ããã«åãããéèŠãªèª²é¡ã§ããéå»ã®æ å ±ãé©åã«å¿ããããšãªãæ°ããæ å ±ãå¹ççã«åŠç¿ãç¶ããããšãæ±ããããŸãã
ãŸããæ§ã ãªã¿ã¹ã¯ãããŒã¿ãœãŒã¹ããåŸãããæ å ±ãçµ±åããæ°ããªç¥èŠãåµåºããèœåã®åäžããæ°žç¶çãªåŠç¿ã·ã¹ãã ãžã®é²åã«æ¬ ãããŸããããããã®ææŠã«æåããæãçã®æå³ã§èªå·±é²åããAIãå®çŸããã§ãããã
ãŸãšã
転移åŠç¿ã¯ãæ¢åã®ã¢ãã«ããåŠãã ç¥èãæ°ããã¿ã¹ã¯ã«é©çšããæè¡ã§ãããçæAIã®åŠç¿å¹çãé£èºçã«åäžãããå¯èœæ§ãç§ããŠããŸããããžãã¹ããŒãœã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã転移åŠç¿ãç解ã掻çšããããšã¯ãå¹ççãªAIéçºãšç«¶äºåã®ãã補åéçºãžã®éµã§ããæ¬èšäºã§ã¯ã転移åŠç¿ã®åºæ¬æŠå¿µãããŒã¿æºåãçæAIãšã®é¢é£ãå¹ççãªåŠç¿æ¹æ³ãããã«é«åºŠãªæŠç¥ãŸã§ãæãããå£èª¿ã§ãããããã解説ããŸããã転移åŠç¿ã掻çšããçæAIéçºã«èå³ã®ããããžãã¹ããŒãœã³ã¯ããã¡ã€ã³ãã¥ãŒãã³ã°ãåŠç¿ç調æŽã®éèŠæ§ããããŠæªæ¥ã®ãã¬ã³ããšãã£ã¬ã³ãžãžã®ç解深ãã次äžä»£ã®AIæè¡ããªãŒãããŸãããã